Rural HOUSING LOAN that are provided for villagers under the name of special rural HOUSING upgrading plan, exert many constraints and obligations in terms of built up area, type of construction materials and design which clearly differentiate these houses from rural traditional ones.Therefore, this LOAN has positive and negative impacts on economic, social, cultural, physical, and livelihood aspects and to some extent affects the life style, livelihood of the villagers and farmers and their environment. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the changes that are made in the life style and livelihood of villagers as a result of implementing special rural HOUSING upgrading plan and using rural HOUSING LOAN. To do this, a qualitative research method has been used. Thus, the data have been collected via interview, participatory observation and reviewing documents. Families from Aghboraz village in East Azerbaijan province who have used rural HOUSING LOAN facilities are considered as the basis of analysis.The result of the study illustrates that rural HOUSING LOANs have had advantages and disadvantages and they have also had physical, economic, social, and cultural effects on life style and livelihood of the villagers. New houses are completely different from rural traditional ones and lack of specific characteristics of traditional rural houses. The built up area of new houses compared with previous ones has been reduced. One of the consequences of this issue is the tendency to shorten the family size and the separation of married members from family. This will lead to the reduction of agricultural lands and division of them among the children and fragmentation of rural agricultural lands. In new houses, the livelihood spaces have been completely ignored and only the living aspect of the house has been taken into consideration. The removal of livelihood spaces has caused some characteristics of agricultural economy like traditional animal husbandry and rural handicrafts gradually lose their importance in providing a significant portion of the subsistence needs of the villagers. The technology and architecture of new houses have also made some changes in the life of villagers culturally. New HOUSING along with other factors has had important role in luxury life and the influence of consuming society values in the livelihood of the villagers. Nonetheless, new houses compared with traditional ones, due to the use of durable materials and structures against natural disaster; bring about mental and emotional relaxation. Attracting investment, creating job, increasing health level, and reducing migration are other positive aspects of new rural HOUSING. Therefore, in developing a comprehensive program in rural HOUSING section, it is suggested that the specific characteristics of rural life like life style, income, and rural culture to be taken into account.

The purpose of the present paper is to show the influence of English on the language of the people of Māhšhr, as a result of the encounter of the local people with the English who had come to Māhšahr after they hit oil in the city. This influence is especially noticeable in the areas of vocabulary and pronunciation. The writers try to show how English words are pronounced by the local people and to what extent English words are common in the city.  

The Japanese language is full of LOAN-words, perhaps more so than in any other language. Professor Rajabzade tells us that the number of these imported words, which deal mostly with some aspect of modernism or Western lifestyle, reached 30,000 in the 1980's. Most of these, called gâirâigo in Japanese, are originally English, but they have been adapted to the Japanese phonology. For instance radio has become rajio and automation has been transformed into ôtomeshon. One can also find in Japanese LOAN-words from other European languages and also from the Middle East. Pirâfu (from the English pilaff, which is itself a corruption of the Persian polow) and ldyosulat (from kiosk in English and ultimately from kushk in Persian) are two such words.In this paper, the author examines the question of LOAN-words in Japanese in depth and at length, and starts off with a historical account of how Japan borrowed Chinese ideograms in the 3rd century to produce a writing system of its own (which has become known as kanji) and how later two phonetic alphabets (hirâgânâ and kâtâkânâ) were developed to record the pronunciation of foreign words. With the arrival of the first European traders and Christian missionaries in Japan in the middle of the 16th century, a few European words found their way into Japanese, but this trickle became a torrent after the Meiji Restoration in 1868, when Japan decided to modernize its society and catch up with the West.Many of the first LOAN-words were for things which had not existed in Japan previously, but the author finds that some Japanese citizens are now using foreign LOAN-words for objects or practices which already have-a Japanese name, for example kisu (= to kiss) in place of the Japanese seppun. This is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a sociological one, and cannot be explained on purely linguistic grounds. According to the author these users of foreign terms may be trying to impress their listeners with their modern attitude and worldliness.Much debate is currently going on in Japan about the question of LOAN-words and the difficulties of the Japanese script, and the author believes that the question is far from settled and in the meanwhile, fresh borrowings of foreign words into Japanese will continue.

One of central bank regulations that has direct impact on the banking industry is LOAN benchmark interest rate. Banks use it as a reference rate to determine their LOAN interest rate. In this paper, we study the role of LOAN benchmark interest rate on banking LOAN dynamics. The model is in the form of a difference equation that follows a gradient adjustment process. We study the LOAN equilibrium's stability via bifurcation theory. It is found that the benchmark rate must be set between the flip and transcritical values. Some numerical simulations are performed to confirm the analytical result. The stochastic case of the benchmark rate is also studied. In addition, we perform numerical sensitivity analysis of the benchmark rate with the model's other parameters.

A B S T R A C TThe present study was conducted to investigate the factors affecting improving the quality of urban HOUSING. This research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population of the research was the residents of 8 residential complexes of Atabak neighborhood in District 15 of Tehran. Based on Cochran's formula, 384 questionnaires were distributed among residents. Finally, 380 complete and error-free questionnaires were collected. The data collection tool was a questionnaire, the validity of which was verified in the form of face and face validity, as well as divergent validity and reliability of the questionnaire using Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability. Analysis of data and information was done using SPSS and PLS software. The findings of this research showed physical quality with a path coefficient of 0.368, the variable of access to urban services with a path coefficient of 0.339, the variable of HOUSING social conditions with a path coefficient of 0.169, and environmental quality with a path coefficient of 0.302 has a positive and significant impact on HOUSING quality. According to the path coefficient obtained for the research variables, the amount of their impact on HOUSING quality is evaluated as average. Among the identified factors, the factor of physical quality with a path coefficient of 0.368 has the most significant impact, and the factor of access to urban services with a path coefficient of 0.339 is ranked second. Also, this factor has a positive and significant effect on the physical quality factor of HOUSING.Extended AbstractIntroductionAtabak neighborhood is one of the neighborhoods of District 15 of Tehran. In this neighborhood, physical changes have been made according to the interventions of the Tehran municipality in line with the implementation of the urban landscape plan and organized (inflow of private sector capital) in different years so far. Along with these interventions, the inadequacy of infrastructure and services to meet the population's needs has become this neighborhood's basic problem. Attention to its qualitative aspect needs to be addressed. This matter is important from the point of view of providing the city's basic needs, equitable distribution of facilities and resources, reducing urban inequalities, improving economic-social indicators, preventing unbridled and unplanned expansion, and ultimately improving the quality of life of the people. It demands that the quality of HOUSING and the factors affecting it be evaluated and that a double effort be made to improve it, and it can provide a suitable context for providing suitable models of HOUSING quality for citizens. Considering the mentioned cases, this research aims to answer the question:- What are the effective factors in improving the quality of HOUSING? MethodologyThe current research is descriptive-analytical. In terms of purpose, it is in the category of applied research. Two library and field methods have collected the information needed for this research. In the field method, primary data collection has been done according to the research questions by designing a 5-scale Likert scale questionnaire. The statistical population of the study was the residents of Mobaat, Minabi, Atabek, Shahrak Sajjadieh, Yas, Zahid Gilani, Shahid Asadi, and Safa residential complexes located in Atabak neighborhood of District 15 of Tehran. The statistical population was equal to 20469 people, and based on Cochran's formula, 384 questionnaires were distributed among residents. Finally, 380 complete and error-free questionnaires were collected; the validity of the questionnaire was confirmed in the form of face and face validity as well as divergent validity. In order to check the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha and combined reliability were used, and according to the results presented in the research findings section, the reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed. The data obtained from this research were analyzed using structural modeling using SPSS and PLS software. Results and discussion This research showed that physical quality has a positive and significant effect on improving HOUSING quality; according to the value of the obtained path coefficient, which is equal to 0.368, the value of this effect is considered moderate. Based on the results, it can be said that physical dimensions, such as the physical crystallization of HOUSING, are the most objective and material issues in HOUSING evaluation, analysis, and planning. Concerning the impact of access to urban services on the quality of HOUSING, the findings indicated a significant impact of access to urban services. In explaining the results of this section, it can be said that gradually, the HOUSING is changing from a single purpose to a shelter. Those other aspects of welfare and social comfort are also added; the limits of enjoying services and access to the essentials of life are shown to evaluate the HOUSING quality. These indicators are very important in determining HOUSING quality and are an integral part of HOUSING planning. Access to urban HOUSING services is considered one of the main indicators of life, which the Population Crisis Committee has used to measure quality in the world's metropolises. In relation to social conditions and environmental quality on the quality of HOUSING, the results of this research confirmed the impact of the social environment and environmental quality on the quality of HOUSING. Creating residential spaces is a topic that has been discussed previously. From the beginning, human beings have tried to create a favorable living environment that matches the quality conditions of their residence's social and environmental environment. ConclusionThis research was written to explain the factors affecting improving the quality of urban HOUSING. The findings of this research showed that among the studied factors, the physical quality factor with a path coefficient of 0.368 has the most significant impact on improving the quality of urban HOUSING in Tehran, such that this factor can explain 13.5% of the variance of the HOUSING quality condition variable. Physical quality is defined based on the structural basis of a building and is often defined in the form of rules and standards related to it. The physical quality is sometimes interpreted as the appearance of buildings. Since they are fixed and real things, they are the reason for the emergence of general indicators for HOUSING evaluation. The second factor is access to urban services with a path coefficient of 0.339, so this factor can explain 11.4% of the variance of the HOUSING quality condition variable. This factor has been ranked second regarding the impact on HOUSING quality according to the path coefficient value obtained. In third place was the factor of environmental quality with the path coefficient value of 0.302, and this factor can explain 1.9% of the variance of the variable of HOUSING quality. Moreover, in the last place is the factor of HOUSING social conditions, which has a path coefficient of 0.196. Also, from the other results of this research, we can mention the positive effect of access to the quality of urban services on the improvement of the physical condition of HOUSING, and the value of the path coefficient obtained for this effect is equal to 0.623 so that it is 38.8% of the variance of the variable. FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionThe authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approthe contenttent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestThe authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

HOUSING plays a major role in the quality of human life and constitutes an important part of living costs especially for low income families. Because of its high cost, most governments assist for the HOUSING supply, especially for low-income groups through social HOUSING or low-interest rate LOANs. In 2005, a "special rural HOUSING improvement plan” was ratified in Iran which aimed to reduce the vulnerability of rural HOUSING against natural hazards and improve the living quality in rural areas. Under this policy, low interest rate HOUSING LOAN was provided for residents willing to construct new houses. This article aims to evaluate rural residents' satisfaction with the quality of these newly built houses. Utilized data in this research comes from a questionnaire survey conducted in 2012 in the Shaft county of Guilan Province, Iran. A total of 332 residents in 10 villages who used rural HOUSING LOAN were interviewed.Findings indicate that compared to the old houses, main changes in the new rural houses comprise physical improvements including concrete/iron structure, use of durable building material, better facade, smaller HOUSING size and fewer rooms. Another important change is related to the change in architectural design, such as open kitchens, placing bathrooms inside the houses and excluding the non-residential spaces from residential units. Moreover, HOUSING utilities have been enhanced by increased accessibility to land line telephone and natural gas supply.In terms of satisfaction, results show that most residents who received rural HOUSING LOAN are quite satisfied with the physical conditions, better protection against weather conditions, improved facilities and more beautiful exterior design of their new houses compared with the old ones. The results of kruskal-Wallis tests on contributing factors showed that the residents’ satisfaction in the study area varied based on the geographical location, population of villages, HOUSING size, construction time and the previous location of rural residents.

One of the issues raised in banks LOAN account which aims to help the needy and the benefit does not apply to these accounts, but banks are the lucky draw prize to people who are opening this account. This has caused some people attempted to open an account to get the prize and represents one of the former lottery that people bought raffle tickets to win rather than help the needy. This has caused some bring banks an institution's raffle. The auther seeks to express the fact that despite the similarity of the prize to former raffle, it is permissible.

2One of the policies adopted at the national level to provide HOUSING for low-income groups was The Mehr HOUSING. this article attempts to investigate the social and economic characteristics of the primary and present inhabitants of mehr residential complexes in two cities of ardabil and qom , to identify the causes and factors that caused the displacement of the first residents of mehr HOUSING in these two cities . to achieve the objectives of the study , 378 households were selected from mehr residential complexes in two cities of ardabil and qom and completion of questionnaires was carried out by households living in these complexes and also in deep interviews with 14 experts and experts related to mehr HOUSING projects . the results of this study show that most of the primary households of mehr HOUSING belong to low - income brackets of the society , but these households have been forced to dispose of their mehr HOUSING for several reasons and transferred it to households with more income ( decile 6 in ardabil city and decile in qom city ) including the added value added , HOUSING prices , various factors ( political , economic and government change ) , the impossibility of repayment of mortgage payments , lack of infrastructure in some mehr HOUSING projects , and the length of project completion time. Also, the current residents of Mehr HOUSING express their satisfaction with the process of receiving LOANs, the LOAN amount and the amount of installments of Mehr HOUSING LOANs. it can be concluded that most of the current households in mehr HOUSING projects in ardabil and qom are not the low - income people .